Microsimulation · Taiwan · Japan · Korea

East Asia Pension Calculator

Taiwan · Japan · Korea — pension benefits for non-regular workers

Choose an employment type and contribution years to instantly compare monthly pension benefits and replacement rates across Taiwan (Labor Insurance / National Pension), Japan (Employees' Pension / National Pension) and South Korea (National Pension / Basic Old-Age Pension, BOAP) — reproducing the protection gaps between worker types under dual-track, Bismarckian and Beveridgean designs.

Formulas from Huang, F.-Y. (2025), "A Microsimulation Analysis of Pension Benefit Levels for Non-Regular Workers: The Cases of Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea," Journal of Public Administration and Policy. A current-institution comparison based on 2023 statutory parameters and national average wages — not a long-term projection.

01 Your profile 個人情境設定

Enter role, job (country & system), years insured and monthly wage to estimate the basic pension, occupational pension and total. Defaults follow the paper's Table 3 standardized assumptions and can be freely adjusted; in single-country mode you can enter an actual monthly wage.

① Role 就業身份
② Job — country & system 國家與制度
NT$ / mo
Advanced parameters — fine-tune insured wage, years and constants per country

Japan 日本

Taiwan 臺灣

Korea 南韓

02 Basic · Occupational · Total 基礎・職業・總額

Occupational pension (earnings-related: JP Employees' / TW Labor Insurance / KR National Pension) + basic pension (flat-rate: JP National / TW National / KR BOAP) = total. Each layer is computed in local currency, then converted to NTD at 2023 rates (1 JPY = 0.222, 1 KRW = 0.023). Replacement rate = total ÷ that country's full-time average monthly wage.

🇯🇵Japan
Employees'
+ National
Occupational Employees' Pension—
Basic National Pension—
TOTAL / MO
—¥ / mo
≈ — NTD / mo
Replacement ratevs. full-time avg wage
—
—
🇹🇼Taiwan
Labor
Insurance
Occupational Labor Insurance—
Basic National Pension—
TOTAL / MO
—NT$ / mo
Replacement ratevs. full-time avg wage
—
—
🇰🇷Korea
National
+ Basic
Occupational National Pension (NPS)—
Basic BOAP—
TOTAL / MO
—₩ / mo
≈ — NTD / mo
Replacement ratevs. full-time avg wage
—
—

🇹🇼

Taiwan

Labor Insurance · National Pension
Full-time
Occupational Labor Insurance—
Basic National Pension—
Total per month—
Replacement ratevs. full-time avg wage
—
—

03 Replacement-rate comparison 三國替代率

Reproducing the paper's Table 3: replacement rates for three employment types across the three countries. The selected type is computed live from your inputs and highlighted; the other two use standardized assumptions. Japan's dual-tier system shows the smallest gap across worker types.

Japan Taiwan Korea

Vertical axis: replacement rate (%) = monthly pension ÷ that country's full-time average monthly wage × 100

04 Formulas & notes 公式與說明

🇯🇵 Japan (dual-tier: Employees' Pension + National Pension)

  • Employees' Pension (monthly) = avg standard monthly wage × 5.481 ÷ 1000 × years insured
  • National Pension (monthly) = 795,000 ÷ 12 × (years ÷ 40); full ¥66,250/mo at 40 years (FY2023 / Reiwa 5)
  • Homemakers are "Category-3 insured": they receive the full National Pension without paying premiums.

🇹🇼 Taiwan (Labor Insurance and National Pension are mutually exclusive)

  • Labor Insurance old-age pension (≥15 yrs) = monthly insured wage × years × 1.55%; under 15 years only a lump sum is available.
  • National Pension = monthly insured amount × years × 0.65% + 3,772 (higher of this and × 1.3%).
  • Top insured-wage grade is 45,800; the 2023 National-Pension insured amount is 19,761.

🇰🇷 South Korea (dual-tier: National Pension + Basic Old-Age Pension, BOAP)

  • National Pension (monthly) = 1.275 × (A + B) × (years ÷ 20) ÷ 12; A = all-insured average, B = own average insured income. The (years ÷ 20) factor captures 50% at 10 years, +5% per additional year, and the post-20-year bonus (no monthly pension under 10 years).
  • Basic Pension (BOAP): full ₩323,180 (single). If the National Pension exceeds 150% of the base (₩484,770), a linked reduction applies — 323,180 − ⅔ × A-benefit — with the ₩161,590 supplementary pension as a floor; no benefit if recognized income exceeds the ₩2,020,000 selection threshold.
How to read this. This calculator is for institutional comparison and teaching. It uses 2023 statutory formulas and national average wages — an "ideal-type / current-institution" estimate that excludes wage growth, inflation, discounting and DC individual accounts (e.g. Taiwan's new Labor Pension), and does not equal any country's actual disbursements. It is not a guarantee or advice about any individual's pension. For actual benefits, consult each country's pension authority (Bureau of Labor Insurance, Japan Pension Service, National Pension Service of Korea).